Global Journal of Earth Science and Engineering
The Global Journal of Earth Science and Engineering (GJESE) is an international, peer-reviewed journal that provides a platform for the dissemination of the latest research and advancements in the fields of earth science and engineering. The journal covers a wide range of topics related to the study of the earth and its natural resources, including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, geotechnical engineering, environmental science, and more. The aim of GJESE is to promote interdisciplinary collaboration and exchange of ideas among researchers, academics, and practitioners in the earth science and engineering community. GJESE publishes original research articles, review papers, and technical reports that advance our understanding of the earth and its processes, as well as the development of new techniques and technologies for the sustainable utilization of its resources. The journal also provides a forum for the discussion of challenges and opportunities related to the management of earth resources in the face of increasing global demand and the need for environmental sustainability. Whether you are a researcher, academic, or practitioner working in the fields of earth science and engineering, GJESE provides a valuable resource for keeping up-to-date with the latest developments and advancements in these fields.
All the published articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
Review Study on Solar Energy in Bangladesh: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Sustainable Development
This review paper examines the current status, challenges, and future prospects of solar energy development in Bangladesh, with a focus on its integration into sustainable architecture and urban planning. Given Bangladesh’s growing energy demand and vulnerability to climate change, solar energy is highlighted as a key renewable resource for enhancing energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper reviews major solar technologies- including rooftop photovoltaic systems, solar home systems, solar irrigation pumps, floating solar plants, and concentrated solar power-and evaluate their suitability across both urban and rural contexts. Based on a systematic review of recent studies and policy frameworks, the paper identifies major barriers to large-scale solar adoption, such as financial limitations, technical challenges, fragmented policies, and issues related to social acceptance. Despite these obstacles, the review emphasizes the significant social, economic, and environmental benefits of solar energy, including expanded rural electrification, improved public health, and reduced environmental pollutions. The study stresses the need for integrated approaches combining technological innovation, supportive and coherent policy frameworks, financial incentives and active stakeholder participation to accelerate solar energy deployment, particularly in response to Bangladesh’s dense urban environment and climatic constraints. Finally, this study recommends future directions such as advanced energy storage systems, smart grid integration, life-cycle environmental assessments, and evaluation of social impacts. Overall, the paper aims to guide policymakers, researchers, and practitioners toward building a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive solar-powered Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Al-Noman, Prabal Barua, Nahida Nargis, Noor Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Primary Porosity on Epikarst Evolution and Surface Karst Features in Limestone, Dolomite, and Evaporites
The characteristics and effect of the epikarst in karstifying rocks on surface feature development was studied based on literary data. Relationship of porosity, epikarst and feature development of limestone, dolomite and evaporite was established on well-soluble, less re-crystallized limestones with medium primary porosity. The degree of cavity formation is well-developed in the rock including its heterogeneous vertical percolation, which result in the development of drawdown dolines in the reviewed studied rocks. On well-soluble evaporites, the vertical percolation rate of homogeneous distribution was diagnosed and does not favour the heterogeneous cavity formation of the epikarst, the piezometric level and the development of drawdown dolines. On limestones , marble and dolomite of low porosity, the dissolution of low degree and low primary porosity hindered the development of a matured epikarst with cavities and of the piezometric surface and thus, of drawdown dolines. Surface features karren, dolines also develop on well-soluble karstic rocks with medium primary porosity. These features are well-developed with heterogeneous secondary porosity that leads to cavity formation. Low primary porosity recrystallized rocks facilitates infiltration and dissolution capacity decreases that concentrates into drainage open fractures.
Cavity formation and dissolution processes
Copyright (c) 2025 Márton Veress https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Therapeutic Zoning of Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Hot Springs in Mexico: Implications for Wellness Tourism and Sustainable Resource Management
This study aims to characterize the geochemical composition of low-enthalpy thermal waters in Mexico and to evaluate their therapeutic potential and sustainable applications, establishing a scientific and territorial framework for integrated resource management. Data were compiled from hot springs distributed across 21 Mexican states, covering the period from 1975 to 2024. The analysis integrates hydrogeochemical databases from academic and governmental sources, complemented by technical reports, satellite imagery, and cartographic tools (Google Maps and Canvas X GIS 11). A total of 21 thematic maps were developed to illustrate the spatial distribution of thermal mineral water types (sulfurous, ferruginous, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium), temperature ranges, functional classifications, and levels of tourism development. The results indicate that minerals such as sulfur, iron, calcium, and bicarbonate contribute to well-documented therapeutic effects related to dermatological, musculoskeletal, digestive, and respiratory treatments. Comparative analysis with previous hydrothermal studies confirms Mexico’s exceptional geothermal diversity and rich cultural heritage, while also highlighting persistent challenges related to conservation, regulation, and sustainable resource management. Overall, this research highlights Mexican thermal waters as a valuable natural and cultural geothermal heritage and advocates their sustainable use through thermal routes, therapeutic centers, and territorial planning strategies that integrate human health, environmental conservation, and community participation. The findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future geothermal policy development and wellness-oriented georesource management.
Copyright (c) 2025 María J. Puy-Alquiza, Miren Y.M. Puy, Ma. D.C. Salazar-Hernández, Rosa M.P. Ledesma, Velia Y.O. Zubia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Insight into Employability of Mohr Coulomb and Hardening Soil Model in the Undrained Analysis
Quite often soil at the site is saturated with water. Any addition of the load onto such soil with low permeability results in generation of excess pore water pressure. Real life problems such as construction of footing, construction of embankment on saturated clayey soil and deep excavation falls under this category. The numerical modelling of such problems must be capable of simulating generation of excess pore water pressure accurately. Mohr Coulomb model is the most widely used constitutive model in the numerical analysis of soil problems. However, being elastic-perfectly plastic, application of this model in simulation of short term undrained simulations needs to be investigated. In the present study, efficacy of the Mohr Coulomb model and Hardening Soil model present in the PLAXIS have been investigated for coupled analysis. It is found that Mohr Coulomb model overestimates the undrained shear strength of the soil significantly and fails to produce the realistic stress path. Hardening soil model captured the realistic pore pressure response whereas the Mohr Coulomb model underestimated the pore pressure and resulted in unrealistic pore pressure evolution. It is recommended that advanced constitutive models such as Hardening Soil model should be employed in short term undrained numerical analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhanaji S. Chavan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Analysis of Water Budget Components and Water Yield in the Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Central Ethiopia Using the SWAT Model
This study employed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to analyze the water budget components and water yield of the Upper Awash River sub-basin in Central Ethiopia. Utilizing data from 1986 to 2013, the model was calibrated from 1988 to 2008 following a three-year warm-up period and subsequently validated over five years at two gauging stations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using t-stat and p-values, while model uncertainty was assessed using the p-factor and r-factor indices. The model's performance was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and Percent Bias (PBIAS). Calibration results yielded p-factors and r-factors of 0.801 and 0.9 for Hombele, and 0.808 and 0.98 for Melkakuntro. The calibration R², NSE, and PBIAS values were 0.82, 0.82, and-2.3, respectively, for Hombele, and 0.79, 0.78, and-13.1, respectively. Validation R², NSE, and PBIAS values were 0.71, 0.67, 11.2 for Hombele, and 0.7, 0.66, 1.9 for Melkakuntro. The average annual groundwater recharge rate ranged from 0 to 904.3 mm, averaging 181.1 mm/yr, which accounts for 19.1% of the mean annual rainfall. The simulated mean annual surface runoff and evapotranspiration were 93.4 mm and 682.5 mm, respectively, constituting 9.8% and 71.8% of the mean annual rainfall. The average annual water yield of the study area was 233.4 mm. These findings provide important insights into the hydrological dynamics of the Upper Awash River sub-basin, deepening our understanding of this water system. This information is essential for establishing sustainable water management practices and optimizing resource use for socioeconomic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muauz A. Redda, Behailu B. Wolde, Bedru H. Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparing and Evaluating Ensemble Generation Techniques from Multi-Model Climate Data for Wind Speed Projection in Rio Grande do Norte for the Present and Future
This study presents a comparative evaluation of ensemble generation techniques for projecting wind speed in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, utilizing regional climate models from the CORDEX initiative. Two approaches—Arithmetic Mean (AM) and Convex Combination (CC)—were assessed for the historical period (1994–2023) and for future projections (2031–2060) under the high-emission RCP 8.5 scenario. The findings demonstrate that the AM method consistently outperforms CC, exhibiting higher correlation coefficients and lower root mean square error (RMSE) values across all subregions analyzed. Specifically, the AM ensemble achieved correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.80 in the northern, central, and eastern regions, respectively, exceeding those of the CC method (0.85, 0.84, and 0.78). Relative to present-day conditions, projected future wind speeds increase by approximately 12.2% in the northern region, 23.5% in the eastern region, and 19.6% in the central region. A notable seasonal shift was also observed, with peak wind speeds occurring later in the year across all areas. These projected increases, when considered in light of the cubic relationship between wind speed and energy production, suggest that wind power potential may rise by over 40% in certain regions. It is also important to acknowledge that such results are subject to uncertainties inherent in climate modeling, including the structural differences among regional and global models and their associated physical parameterizations. Nonetheless, the projected enhancement in wind speed holds significant implications for strategic renewable energy planning in Rio Grande do Norte and reinforces the utility of multi-model ensemble techniques in climate-based energy assessments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Augusto de R.C. Gurgel, Roberta T.S.F.D. Alves https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eco-friendly Zeolite Synthesis for Phenol Adsorption: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies
The presence of phenolic compounds in aquatic systems has become a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity and persistence. This study evaluates the effectiveness of synthetic zeolites as adsorbents for removing phenol from contaminated aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was synthesized from natural clay using ZnCl₂ as an activating agent through a straightforward three-step process: (i) calcination at 90°C, (ii) aging for 24 hours, and (iii) crystallization for 8 hours. The synthesized material was then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine its mineralogical composition and the crystalline structure of the zeolite. The efficiency of phenol removal was assessed as a function of adsorbent dosage (0.1 g.L⁻¹ to 0.3 g.L⁻¹), contact time (20 to 60 minutes), and initial phenol concentration (500 mg.L⁻¹ to 5000 mg.L⁻¹). The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, while equilibrium data were fitted to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The results confirmed the successful synthesis of FAU-X zeolite from smectitic-kaolinitic clay. The zeolite-based adsorbent demonstrated high efficiency in phenol removal, exhibiting a sorption capacity of 125 mg.g⁻¹ after 60 minutes. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, while equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating a monolayer adsorption pattern. The retention of pollutants was primarily governed by chemical interactions, including hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction between phenol molecules and the adsorbent surface. This study highlights the potential of synthesizing cost-effective zeolite-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment, contributing to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly remediation technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawthar Yahya, Jihed Moussa, Khawla Boussai, Boulanoir Lissir, Noureddine Hamdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Coastal Erosion Pattern and Rehabilitation of Climate Displaced Communities of 3 Coastal Islands in and Around the South-Eastern Coast of Bangladesh
Climate-induced displacement has evolved into a major global issue in recent years. Bangladesh experiences many forms of migration and human movement, which directly and indirectly impact national policies. In this book chapter, the authors explored the trend of coastal erosion and displacement of the communities of 3 coastal islands of the South-Eastern Coast of Bangladesh. Assessing the spatial dynamics of the coastal system requires looking back at the past development and temporal morpho-dynamics of shoreline position and shape. The current study set out to assess the potency of various statistical methods for forecasting shoreline changes and their dynamic nature. In this case, the vulnerability to coastal erosion was quantified using GIS and Remote Sensing. The authors examined how much the land area of Sandwip and Kutubdia islands has shrunk over the last 40 years (1957 to 2018), at rates of 0.822 and 0.242 times respectively. The neighbouring island, Maheskhali, is likewise experiencing coastline erosion, however satellite images show that the island's land area is growing 1.174 times every year. This is taking place as a result of new char land being formed at various points on the Maheskhali island, which has also eroded into the sea at various points. Even when the wind's direction changed and occurred at almost the same maximum values, the erosion scenario at Maheskhali, Sandwip, and Kutubdia remained unchanged. As a result, it may be concluded that Bangladesh's coastal erosion is relatively unaffected by wind speeds, despite fluctuations in wind direction. The authors explored that the rehabilitation of climate-displaced people is very limited compared to the large numbers of people displaced from the coastal islands. Besides, after the displacement, people lose their harmony, identity, and livelihood opportunities after migrating to? New places that are far from the origin. The authors found that if the community-based relocation program is introduced in the living places in the same areas for displaced people around the community living places, that will be most effective.
Copyright (c) 2024 Prabal Barua, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Abhijit Mitra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seismic Background Noise Level and Station Detectability in the Flores Sea
The Flores back-arc thrust fissure is a significant contributor to earthquake events in the Flores Sea region, as evidenced by seismic investigations. As part of the endeavor to mitigate earthquake risk, seismic data investigations are necessary due to the high potential for earthquakes in the Flores Sea. Background noise in earthquakes is the term used to describe the micro vibrations that are perpetually produced as a result of natural phenomena, such as ocean waves, wind, or human activities. It is crucial to investigate this cacophony in seismology in order to distinguish the primary earthquake signal. Its spectrum analysis can assist in the identification of land changes and the prediction of tectonic activity. This analysis was conducted by employing the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) client function as a fetch data tool and the Modular Utility for Statistical Knowledge Gathering Data browser as a data quality monitoring system to verify the health and reliability of seismic data. The three station sites closest to the Flores Sea are the focus of this research data examination. The study's findings indicate that the recorded data at the station is still dominated by cultural noise, as evidenced by the analysis of the probability density function, power spectral density, and noise spectrograms. Additionally, each station exhibits activity with degrees of probability noise that are both high and variable. These results highlight the need for advanced techniques to filter cultural noise and improve the accuracy of seismic signal interpretation in this region. This analysis contributes to understanding tectonic activity in the Flores Sea and underscores the importance of continuous monitoring for earthquake preparedness and risk reduction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Azmi Khusnani, Adi Jufriansah, Ade Anggraini, Ota W.J. Thalo, Konsenius W. Wae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Urban Lake Drainage Catena: Influences of Terrain, Soils, and Precipitation
Urban lake drainage systems are heavily impacted by terrain, soil characteristics, and precipitation, which influence water infiltration and groundwater movement. This study focused on the drainage catena around Lake Nokomis in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where local residents have experienced wet basements and yards. The primary goal was to identify the factors contributing to these water-related problems, particularly soil permeability and how it responds to precipitation. By conducting soil borings, using pressure transducers, and measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), the study compared upland and lowland areas. Findings indicated that upland soils, primarily composed of sandy fill, had much higher infiltration rates, with Kfs values ranging from 72.4 cm/hr to 149 cm/hr. In contrast, lowland areas characterized by lacustrine and organic soils exhibited significantly lower Kfs values, ranging from 1 cm/hr to 14.8 cm/hr. Between 2022 and 2024, wet and dry seasons occurred, yet recorded more than 127.5 cm of rain and snow water equivalent, further contributing to groundwater rise and surface water presence in low-lying regions. The study concluded that increased precipitation, coupled with specific hydrogeologic conditions, was the main factor causing elevated groundwater levels and surface saturation in these areas. To address these challenges, Minnesota's water management authorities are encouraged to implement strategies that consider the increasing magnitude and intensity of precipitation events due to climate change. Incorporating hydrogeologic assessments into urban planning is recommended to better manage water infiltration, reduce flood risks, and strengthen the resilience of drainage systems to changing climate patterns.
Copyright (c) 2024 Harprabhjot K. Dhaliwal, Kerry Holmberg, Madeline Vogel, Aaron Hinz, Bella Radler , Joe Magner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application Research of an Automatic Control Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) System Based on the Siemens PLC
To solve the global environmental problem of a shortage of freshwater resources, seawater desalination is considered one of the most promising solutions. In this research, the main novelty of the seawater desalination system lies in its utilization of a reverse osmosis unit as the core process for producing drinking water. By optimizing the pretreatment section in the process flow, a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) control system based on Siemens PLC with a high degree of automation was developed, which has the advantages of convenient maintenance and monitoring. In addition, through research on reverse osmosis systems, the results showed that within two years of operation, the total desalination rates of the primary and secondary reverse osmosis systems were not less than 99% and 97.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the water quality after desalination was tested. When the doses of CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaHCO3 were 20 mg/L, 15 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively, high-quality drinking water was obtained. Finally, a reasonable process plan and corresponding estimates were given for the complex water source conditions. Compared with traditional seawater desalination systems, our system has the advantages of easy operation, efficient water production and lower price. Accordingly, this study will help to solve drinking-water problems in some freshwater-scarce regions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Qihang Li, Kai Li, Canming Yuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evidence of a Large Debris Avalanche Event (22.0 Ma) from the Comondú Group on the Baja California Sur Peninsula, Mexico
The morphological, sedimentological, and microtextural characteristics of Miocene debris avalanche deposits which extend from the Punta Coyote to the vicinity of the city of La Paz, were studied along the eastern of the Baja California Peninsula. The debris avalanche deposits studied include a mixture of angular mega blocks whose composition comes from the deposits that make up the Comondú Group: pre-Comondú (red sandstones and conglomerates with intercalated ignimbrites), the Upper Unit (brownish sandstones, shales, and conglomerate), and breccia, with a predominance of jigsaw cracks, injection structures, and fault structures. These deposits were studied and analyzed considering the stratigraphic relationships between the rock formations present in the mega-blocks. Six stratigraphic sections were measured to describe the composition and morphology of the clastic components present in the mega-blocks of the debris avalanche. Two different units (m1 and m2), were identified in the debris avalanche deposits. Unit m1 is the oldest, with a thickness of 100m, and consists of a chaotic set of mega-blocks up to 100 m in diameter derived from the pre-Comondú Group, and Upper Unit. The deposits are highly heterolithic, with angular and highly fractured clasts at different scales. While the unit m2 consists principally of 20-100 m thick volcaniclastic layers dominated by poorly sorted, breccias and minor epiclastic deposits. According to stratigraphic relationships, the collapse occurred at 22.0 Ma. The debris deposit covers an area of 150 km2 and has an estimated volume of 1.3 km3. The characteristic suggests a transport mechanism with a disintegration of the mega-blocks and a contact/collision interaction. Where mega-blocks moved within a dense flow in a buffered manner, remaining consistent over long distances. The observed structures and textures suggest that the mega-blocks were mainly produced by the alteration and ingestion of older substrates by the avalanche of moving debris. The avalanche flowed over pre-existing topography excavated in the Comondú Group sequence, and flow indicators reveal a west-southwest direction, exhibiting a typical mountainous avalanche topography. The study of ancient debris avalanche events not only provides a deeper understanding of these natural phenomena but also contributes to the development of tools to predict, mitigate, and manage risk areas.
Copyright (c) 2024 María J.P. Alquiza, Raúl M. Aviles, Pooja V. Kshirsagar, Gabriela A. Zanor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stress Regimes and Stress Fields Analysis Using Fault-Slip Data; Eastern Iran
In this paper direction of stress tensors and stress ellipsoids shape in Neogene, Paleogene, and older units were investigated. Moreover, relationship between shape of stress ellipsoid and exhumation of igneous units were determined using analysis of stress tensors. Analysis of relationships between stress regime and uplifting indicate that in the areas we observed the uplifting of the igneous units the shape of stress ellipsoid has been displaced locally from prolate to oblate which is due to local change of stress regime. Hence, local variation of stress regime in the eastern part of Shekarab Mountains caused boarder outcrops of igneous units. In the western part of study area shape of stress ellipsoid is prolate and it's due to existing reverse fault with strike-slip component. Comparison shape of stress ellipsoid in Eocene units indicate that shape of stress ellipsoid in the western, middle and eastern Shekarab Mountains is prolate, and as local there is oblate stress ellipsoid shape in eastern part. Results of this research indicate that direction of major stress axis had clockwise rotation from Cretaceous times to the present.
Copyright (c) 2023 Maryam Ezati, Ebrahim Gholami , Seyed M. Mousavi , Mohsen Ezati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Progress in Reducing the Number of Disaster-affected People: Insights from Zimbabwe
In 2015, 187 countries appended their signatures to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This framework has seven global targets which need to be monitored both at national and global levels. In order to promote the monitoring and reporting on progress in attaining the global targets, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction provided some technical guidance notes and methodologies. Using the case study of Zimbabwe, this study used the technical guidance notes and methodologies to assess the country’s progress in reducing the number of people affected by disasters. Quantitative data for this assessment came from public sources published by the Government of Zimbabwe spanning the period 1990 to 2019. This data was analysed using 3-year and 5-year moving averages. In addition, the study used qualitative interviews to explain the trends in the number of people affected by disasters. Results showed slight decreases in the number of people affected by both aggregated and disaggregated disasters. Drought disasters emerged as the only one that affected millions of people yearly. However, storms and epidemics were sporadic and characterised by big spikes. The study concluded that Zimbabwe is slowly attaining Target B. The study further offered three policy implications that are meant to significantly reduce the number of people affected by disasters. This includes the need to strengthen drought preparedness/mitigation, and disease surveillance and control systems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Emmanuel Mavhura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrogeological Analysis of Cretaceous and Tertiary Aquifers in Semiarid Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Groundwater Development
Groundwater development in arid and semiarid regions is accelerated by expanded irrigation farming, industrialisation, and municipal water supply. This study provides a detailed hydrogeological analysis of sedimentary aquifers of the Sokoto basin, Northwestern Nigeria, for improved water resource development and management. Hydrogeological data, including static water level (Swl), pumping water level (Pwl), pumping test (Pt), and estimated yield (Ey), were analysed. A total of three hundred (300) observations on Swl, Pt, Pwl, Ey, and Hps were derived from boreholes and analysed using Factor analysis (FA) and Regression analysis (RA). Results showed that Gwandu Formation is the most prolific aquifer. Boreholes can yield more than 24000 litres per hour (L/h). This was followed by The Kalambaina limestone aquifer, which has the potential to yield about 15000 (L/h). However, the Taloka Formation is characterised by very poor aquifers in most of the basin, though along the Jega-Dogon Daji axis, boreholes can yield more than 24000 (L/h). Likewise, boreholes tapping the Wurno Formation can produce a maximum yield of 24000 (L/h). Estimated yields from boreholes were less than 1500 (L/h) from the Gundumi aquifer, and the maximum borehole yields were 17760 (L/h) in the Illo aquifer. Statistical modelling showed that all the analysed variables are significant concerning groundwater potentials and variability of borehole yields in the study area. Therefore, future groundwater resource development in the study area should be based on a proper analysis of the geological configurations of the Sokoto basin. This study provides an outlook on the groundwater potentials of the study area and aquifers that can provide a basis for sustainable groundwater development policy. Thus, the study has shown how multivariate and regression analysis can be used to study the hydrogeological conditions of a particular basin. Therefore, it is hoped that this study's findings will inspire other researchers to take a comparable approach.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saadu U. Wali, Noraliani Alias, Sobri Bin Harun, Ibrahim U. Mohammed, Muhammed L. Garba, Mudassir Atiku, Murtala A. Gada, Isah Hamisu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytoremediation of Iron and Antimony Polluted Waste Dump Sites in Anyigba Kogi State, Nigeria: A Multivariate Statistical Technique
Soil degradation by anthropogenic means is increasing day after day all over the globe, particularly in Nigeria. This research became necessary to show how plants grown surrounding waste dumps are able to mitigate soil pollution by Fe and Sb. Both media (plants and soils) were collected, and leached, and analyses were performed to assess the quantum of Iron and Antimony found within sampled media. The EDX3600B X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to analyze for soil and plants sampled. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC), and metal uptake efficacy (%) ME for both media were calculated. The evaluated data revealed that Colocasia esculent and Amaranthus viridis showed the maximum capacity as Fe hyperaccumulators. Also, Colocasia asculenta, Physalis angulate, and Zea mays were suitable plants as hyperaccumulators of Sb. Only Loportea aestuans suffices as phytoextractor for Antimony. Amaranthus hybridus, Colocasia asculenta, and Corchorus aestuans have capacities to stabilize Sb in soils. Species collected showed the required ability as phytominers of Sb. The quantities of Iron and Antimony in acquired media were higher than allowable benchmarks in leaves (vegetables). From this investigation, the acquired plants showed evidence of good specimens with abilities to remove Iron and Antimony from the soil. The collected species also showed attributes and characteristics of good reservoirs of Iron and Antimony.
Copyright (c) 2023 E.G. Ameh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Crustal and Lithospheric Variations along the Western Passive Continental Margin of the Indian Peninsula
The western passive continental margin (WPCM) of the Indian Peninsula is one of the world's largest and most remarkable escarpments, signifying a boundary between oceanic and continental lithospheres. It traverses distinct lithological units, majorly the SGT, WDC, and DVP, each characterized by distinct geological structures, geochronological histories, and petro-physical properties. Despite numerous research efforts, the exact mechanisms governing the WPCM evolution and its developmental connections remain unclear due to limited data and significant uncertainties. In our study, we meticulously analyzed global and local models, focusing on the Western Ghats (WG), to examine crust and lithosphere thickness. Our analysis revealed significant uncertainties in crustal and lithospheric variations, with a maximum difference of 10.68% in crust thickness and 20.04% in lithospheric thickness across different major lithological formations in the WG. These differences can have a substantial impact on the geodynamic analysis of lithospheric structures and tectonic evolution. Additionally, we developed a 2-D lithospheric density model over the WG, crossing the major geological units, which delineates the crust and lithospheric structure between the eastern and western sides of the escarpment. Our results, in conjunction with geomorphological data, suggest that the WPCM’s thick lithosphere with elevated topography illustrates a continuous upwarp, supported by flexural compensation of uplifted terrain. The movement of the Indian plate, primarily in the N-S and NW-SE directions, subsequently modified the entire escarpment. This model offers insights into the evolution of the WPCM and potentially contributes to the formation of the NE-SW fault in the southern part of the South Indian Shield, with potential implications for the Palghat gap.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muthyala Prasad, Chandra P. Dubey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Global Warming and Loss of Bearing Capacity of Permafrost: An Experimental Study on the Effects of Freezing/Thawing Cycles on a Silty Soil
One of the major effects of global warming is the thawing of permafrost. This phenomenon has several consequences on the affected environments, such as the loss of soil bearing capacity, the beginning of the seasonal cycles of freezing/thawing and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards. This paper focuses on the loss of soil bearing capacity. A preliminary experimental study was carried out to understand and quantify the changes in the behaviour of a silty soil subjected to a freezing / thawing cycle through a series of laboratory tests. After the soil used for the lab tests was characterised, many shear tests and oedometric tests were performed before, during and after freezing. The geotechnical parameters were deduced from the oedometric curves and Mohr-Coulomb diagrams obtained. The comparison of the results made it possible to observe the evolution of the soil parameters, i.e. the internal friction angle, the cohesion, and the oedometric curves. All tests were carried out according to Swiss standards for laboratory testing
Copyright (c) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the effect of Debris Flow on Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Numerical Analysis
This article examines the impact of debris flow on semi-exposed pipelines to determine the plastic deformation and stresses by considering pipe-debris flow interaction. A 3-D finite element approach was adopted to study the mechanical behavior of pipelines subjected to debris flow. Integration of pipeline property (thickness) with debris flow intensity (impact pressure and angle) was also considered in a finite element numerical model for semi-exposed. The analysis showed that the impact angle between 35° and 75° with an impact pressure of 200 kPa and 250 kPa significantly affected the stability and integrity of the pipeline. There was a slight impact of wall thickness on the stability of the pipeline due to the passive soil resistance. Maximum plastic deformation of 124 mm was encountered in the case of 35° impact angle, which was 3% more than the deformation observed at 20° impact angle. Moreover, large distribution of von mises stresses was observed, as 1390 Mpa, 1450 Mpa, 1440 Mpa, and 1440 Mpa for impact angles of 20°, 35°, 75°, and 90° in the impacted zone of the pipeline in each set of analysis. Shear failure of the pipeline was observed during the analysis as von misses’ stresses were more than the yield stress (520 Mpa) of the pipeline. The developed model in this study can be utilized for further research and will be a basis for designing pipelines crossing through mountainous regions.
Copyright (c) 2022 Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Mohammed A.M. Al-Bared, Nursyahira Habeeb, Mudassir A. Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Groundwater Classification by Using Fourier Analysis
The article illustrates a statistical technique for the visual representation of geochemical data. Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary groundwater samples from Northern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, were interpreted statistically using Andrews plots, which use Fourier analysis to transform and represent a set of multivariate data by a waveform pattern. The resulting waveform patterns were classified into low, middle, and high amplitudes, following up the increase in the total dissolved solids of the samples. Comparison with the traditional hydrochemical polygonal Stiff diagrams resulted in a complete matching. The proposed mixing between the Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary aquifers has been proved via the similarity of waveform patterns of the mixed water. The application of Andrews plots is investigated by comparison with the Stiff conventional diagrams. The correlation between different amplitudes and the TDS value of every sample indicates that the amplitude increases with the increase in the salinity.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohamed A. Khalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Age and Geochemical Characteristics of Nansu Rapakivi Granite in Jiaobei Uplift Belt, Qingdao
LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology from Nansu large Rapakivi granite in the Jiaobei uplift belt shows the concordant age is 116.5±0.32Ma and the weighted average age is 116.7±0.89Ma, belonging to the late Yanshanian products of Early Cretaceous. The rock geochemical characteristics show that the SiO2 content of rapakivi granite ranges from 70.30% to 71.65%, with an average of 70.975%, A / CNK is 0.871 ~ 0.895 (average 0.883). K2O content is 4.70 ~ 5.75%, with an average of 5.14%, which is characterized by high potassium. Regarding trace elemental patterns, all the studied samples are enriched in large一ion-lithophile elements, e.g., K and Rb, and depleted in high-field-strength elements, e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti. In terms of the chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns, the Nansu samples are characterized by the strong enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) compared with heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and the absence of negative Eu anomalies. The Nansu ring porphyry granite is of high Sr and low Yb type, belonging to type I adakite, and formed in a high-pressure medium high-temperature environment of about 23km at depth and about 670oC. It is speculated that it was formed in the island arc environment and is related to the subduction of the Mesozoic Pacific plate.
Copyright (c) 2022 Feng Qiao, Sheng Rongtian, Li Xuewei, Dai Ruiwen , Jiang Yong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamic Analysis and Modeling Movement Transmission of Soil Construction Interaction
This paper defines the dynamic analysis and geometric demonstration of movement transmission and the dynamic soil-structure interaction using two different approaches: the finite component process and the limit component approach (EM). This mathematical process is an influential geometric approach right for dynamic tasks. In this item, we used very advanced and effective computer geometric converter approaches to study multifaceted difficulties. The fractional difference equation leading the motion is outcoming and resolved by EM. The influence of 3 dimensions on the movement transmission imitation (1D and 2D) has a conversed captivating effect, dependent on the different finite components kinds (triangles, rectangles, tall degree components). Geometric modeling of stifling is too discussed (Rayleigh checking). The finite component technique then treats a model of movement transmission owing to the vibration of a foundation. The limit component technique's capacities are remembered, and outcomes found through 2D and 3D mockups are planned. Numerous cases of dynamic soil-structure interaction (building, tunnel) are formerly pickled. The outcomes of these properties are discussed here.
Copyright (c) 2022 Mouloud Hamidatou, Saad Lebdioui, Nassim Hallal, José Campos Matos, Joaquim Tinoco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evolution of Pumping and Piezometry of the Carboniferous Aquifers, Western Border of Aïr Massif
The Tarat aquifer provides drinking water for the population of the city of Arlit and also provides water to industries. The exploitation of this aquifer has considerably increased in recent years. The main objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the Tarat aquifer. Thus, a methodological approach focusing mainly on the piezometric study and the analysis of evolution and estimation of the volumes of water pumped, since its development from 1969 to 2012, which has resulted in highlighting not only a general decline in the level of the Tarat aquifer, but also the piezometer level (Arli_182), reacts strongly to the solicitations of the aquifer. On this same piezometer, the water table was lowered by 30 m from 1980 to 2006 (26 years), so a drawdown of 0.86 /year.
Copyright (c) 2021 Alhassane Illias, Abdou Babaye Maman Sani, Issa M. Salmanou Souleymane, Ousmane Boureima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diatom of the Bacillariophyceae Class in Thermophilic Microbial Mats Present in Sulphurous Hot Springs and their Possible Biotechnological Application
The diversity of diatoms in the hot springs of the Comanjilla geothermal zone in northern Guanajuato, Mexico was studied. Hot springs are extreme ecosystems that, despite having high temperatures, constitute an environment for many thermophilic microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria, and diatoms). The thermal water studied is classified as hyperthermal water (45°C to 100°C), of deep origin, and with low mineralization, are of type sulfuric sodium chloride, since the dissolved content of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in concentrations higher than 1mg/L, and its smell is similar to the one of rotten eggs, presents a pH of 7.6 to 9.1 that represents neutrophilic to alkaliphilic environments, with a variable electrical conductivity (EC) (658-698 µs / cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (314-24 ppm). In the same way, these hot springs present microbial mats that consist of several stratified layers of green and orange color of 100 cm2, each one, which are dominated by specific types of microorganisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, but mainly diatoms, the latter were studied applying the scanning electron microscope and the optical microscope. The morphological characteristics observed in the optical microscope and in the scanning electron microscopy indicate the presence of diatoms of the Bacillariophyceae class, represented by Sellaphora disjuncta (55%), Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia (45%). This diatom present in thermophilic microbial mats in the sulphurous geothermal zone of Comanjilla represents: a) the first report of said microorganisms in the study area and Mexico; b) an ecosystem of great interest from the biotechnological and industrial point of view; c) an important taxon in terms of diversity and technology; d) an applications in biofuels, environmental monitoring, wastewater treatment, manufacture of fertilizers, production of secondary metabolites, medical compounds, energy sources and food industry and within nanotechnology. It is important to mention that the physical and chemical characteristics of thermal water such as temperature, pH, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity and silica concentrations, were the major environmental factors influencing the distribution of diatoms in sulphurous hot springs.
Copyright (c) 2021 María Jesús Puy-Alquiza, Berenice Noriega Luna, Raúl Miranda-Aviles, Ma. Mercedes Salazar Hernández, Gilberto Carreño Aguilera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Processes and Features of Subsidence Dolines (Sinkholes)
This study deals with the processes of subsidence dolines. These processes contribute to the understanding of the characteristics of karst areas and the relation between dolines and their environment. For this, several hundred dolines of various karst areas were studied. Investigations included measurements of doline size and processes (for example mass movements), the mapping of their morphology and processes, observation and tracking of some processes (for instance water inflow). Laboratory experiments were carried out, and we had VES measurements performed to obtain data on their sediments. The processes of dolines with various development phase were distinguished. The processes of developed dolines were classified according the site of their effect which may be present in the environment, on the side slope, on the floor, on the cover below the floor and in the bedrock. The processes were also put into groups based on their direction. It was established that the degree of supplier and transporting away processes and their value compared to each other controls doline size, while the denudation of the doline slope and the accumulation on its floor influences doline shape.
Copyright (c) 2022 Márton Veress https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Penecontemporaneous Deformational Structures in the Glauconitic Sandstone, Semri Group (Vindhyan Supergroup), Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh, India and their Structural Analysis
The Glauconitic sandstone is well exposed in the Newari area of Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Conjugate pairs of kink bands are confined within the laminated sandstone and are present half km west of Newari near the confluence of a tributary with the Son river. The conjugate kink bands are plunging at 130 and 360 in SE (S580E) and NE (N560E). This shows that ephemeral compressional stress regime was responsible for the development of conjugate set of kink bands. The stress axis would have been oriented from NE-SW direction. A major fault F1 passes through the glauconitic sandstone in the west of the Newari village. This fault is a reverse fault and strikes at N25ºW - S25ºE. Another fault F2 oblique to F1 passes in the direction N70ºE-S70ºW. In view of the fact that the kink bands are confined within the laminated sandstone, it is inferred that they have been formed as a result of penecontemporaneous deformation and suggest seismic activities that might have occurred around 1080±40 Ma ago as a result of activation of the faults present in the Newari area of the Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India those may be companion faults of the Son-Narmada Fault system.
Penecontemporaneous deformational structures
Copyright (c) 2014 C.K. Singh, K. Mohan, B.P. Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial Variation of Textural Parameters in a Small River: An Example from Khurar River, Khajuraho, Chhaterpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Texture (grain size) is one of the many parameters, which is used in determining depositional environments of sediments and sedimentary rocks. In the present investigation, texture was analysed from sixteen stations in the Khurar River, Madhya Pradesh, India. Here, grain size analysis was carried out employing mechanical sieving method using a sonic shaker. Frequency and cumulative frequency curves were prepared from the grain size data on centimetre and arithmetic probability papers, respectively. The phi values were determined and used to calculate the statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis. It is found that the mean size value varies from-0.63to 0.80 with a graphic mean distribution ranging from -0.27 to 0.40 ϕ, indicating that the size of the river sand is very coarse to coarse-grained. The standard deviation (sorting) shows a range of 0 .69 to 1.65 ϕ. The skewness values of the sediment samples range from 0.19 to 0.29 ϕ, thus, indicating the presence of fine fraction to near-symmetrical fraction in the population. The kurtosis varies between 1.03 and 1.09 ϕ, indicating that 25% of the samples are leptokurtic, 6.25% are very leptokurtic, 50% are mesokurtic and 12.5% are platykurtic. The platykurtic nature in few cases suggests mixing of sediments from two sources. Bivariate plots prepared combining various textural parameters were used to interpret their behaviour in the river sediments. C-M plot was also prepared to understand the dominant mode of sediments transportation in the Khurar River. In this river, all the sediments are dominantly characterized by the rolling process of transportation. This study reveals that sorting varies from poorly sorted to moderately well sorted in the course of the river may be because of dominance of winnowing and selective sorting in the lower reaches of the river.
Copyright (c) 2014 S. Kanhaiya, B.P. Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Numerical Pattern of 3D Tornado Rise with Account for Mirror Asymmetry
Authors are returning to the basic concepts of turbulence – homogeneity and symmetry principles. It is shown that the homogeneity in the sense of constant mean velocity gradient (instead of constant velocity) permits to introduce mirror asymmetry. This way is corresponding to stratified atmosphere and to differential volume in any continuum model. The basic ideas of A. N. Kolmogorov do not contradict to such an approach. Moreover, the use of the intrinsic eddy angular velocity (so-called spin or mesovorticity) as the internal thermodynamic parameter becomes necessary for adequate description of tornado (and intensive atmospheric vortices, in general) dynamics. The continuum description is formulated with standard introducing of stresses averaged over a cross-section, and now motivated asymmetry leads to the vortices moment of momentum balance. The set of nonlinear 3D partial differential equations is suggested for the problem of tornado generation from a cloud of initial vortices. The dependence of turbulent rotation viscosity on the spin permits to localize the tornado body due to the nonlinear diffusion effect. Numerical calculations are performed at two different clusters using Parjava program environment. The growth of typical tornado structure is shown by a sequence of pictures. A visual comparison with the Hurricane Isabel, 2003, is represented.
Copyright (c) 2014 Alexander Yu. Gubar, Victor N. Nikolaevskiy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Thixotropic Hardening Behaviour of a Low Plasticity Dredged Marine Silt
An alternative to solve the problem of disposing dredged marine sediments (DMS) in open sea, which could lead to undesirable contamination and destruction of the marine ecosystem, is to reuse the material in reclamation works. For such applications, it is important to determine the time required for strength gain of the relocated DMS. A lab-based study was conducted to simulate and examine the post-consolidation hardening of DMS when placed as a backfill with relation to time. A separate series of tests were also carried out on the DMS being lightly solidified with cement, with the purpose of identifying potential shortening of the waiting period. The DMS sample was prepared at different water contents based on the soil's liquid limit (LL = 54.5 %), i.e. 0.90, 1.25 and 1.81LL. The undrained shear strength was measured using the laboratory vane shear (VS) test. Complementary fall cone (FC) tests were conducted for additional information on the improved remoulded strength and stiffness of the DMS. The results showed that the strength and stiffness (cone penetration resistance) of the relocated DMS could effectively improve with time, though the rest period required is shorter for a sample with lower initial water content. On the other and, light cementation shortened the rest period, and significantly improved the strength and stiffness at dosages as low as 5 % (as per dry weight of the soil). Overall the study gave an overview of the reusability of DMS as a backfill material in reclamation works, whether with or without lightly induced solidification, depending mainly on the limitations of rest period available.
Copyright (c) 2014 Chee-Ming Chan, Adib Syazwan Ahmad Shakri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Placer-Forming Cenozoic Mud-Volcano Genetic Type of Gold Mineralization in the Lena Area, Patom Highland, Russia
A genetic type of Cenozoic gold mineralization related to mud volcanoes is suggested to be recognized in the Lena area. This type of mineralization has never before been distinguished in the area and is genetically related to the development of depression mud-volcano structures on the northern continuation of the Baikal rift. Geological-geophysical data and results of lithological-petrographic and mineralogical studies of the mud-volcano lithological complex, naturally occurring microscorias, and ore minerals from the loose Quaternary rocks, as well as and comparison of the chemical composition of the latter with analogous minerals from the Sukhoi Log and Pervenets gold deposits, prove genetic links of economic placer deposits in the Lena area with mud volcanoes.